
Class 
Book 



Issued March 7, 1912. 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

FOREST SERVICE. 
HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester. 



FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY SERIES. 



APER PULPS FROM VARIOUS 
FOREST WOODS. 




EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND SPECIMENS OF SODA 
AND SULPHITE PULPS. 



COMPILED BY 



HENEY E. SURFACE, 

Chemical Engineer in Forest Products. 



WASHINGTON: 
1912. 



Issued March 7, 1912. 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

FOREST SERVICE. 
HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester. 



FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY SERIES. 

V ...... 

■^ J J 

PAPER PULPS FROM VARIOUS 
FOREST WOODS. 



EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND SPECIMENS OF SODA 
AND SULPHITE PULPS. 



COMPILED BY 



HENRY E. SURFACE, 

Chemical Engineer in Forest Products. 



WASHINGTON: 
1912. 




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FEB 6 ' 1914 



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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



U. S. Depaetment of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, 
Washington, D. C, December 4, 1911. 
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a manu- 
script entitled " Paper Pulps from Various Forest 
Woods," compiled by Henry E. Surface, chemical 
engineer in forest products, and to recommend its 
publication. 

Respectfully, 

Henry S. Graves, 

Forester. 
Hon. James Wilson, 

Secretary of Agriculture. 

■ • (3) 



"? 



CONTENTS. 

' Page. 

Purpose of the experiments 7 

Preparation of the pulps 8 

Raw materials tested 10 

Experimental data 11 

Index to pulp specimens 28 

(5) 



PAPER PULPS FROM VARIOUS FOREST WOODS. 



PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENTS. 

The purpose of this report is to show specimens of 
paper pulps made from a number of different woods, 
and to give the experimental data connected with their 
production. These specimens will indicate the possi- 
bilities for pulp of certain woods, of which some have 
been used commercially to a slight extent, and others 
not at all. The results are presented for the considera- 
tion of the paper trades and those interested in the 
pulp and paper industries. 

It is not within the scope of this report to recommend 
for general commercial use any given wood or woods; 
further investigation is required before their avail- 
ability and suitability for pulp making can be shown 
definitely. The report does show, however, the yields, 
qualities, and general characters of the pulps, and the 
cooking conditions used to obtain these results. While 
they are not sufficiently complete for final conclusions, 
they mark an important step, and even without further 
experimentation it is assured that a number of the 
woods can be used advantageously in commercial 
practice, under suitable conditions; 

(7) 



8 PAPEK PULPS FROM FOREST WOODS. 

The tests on which this publication is based were 
made at the following pulp and paper laboratories of the 
Forest Service: South Boston, Mass., Pulp Laboratory, 
1906-7, Dr. H. S. Bristol, in charge; Washington Labo- 
ratory, 1907-1909, Mr. E. Sutermeister, in charge of 
pulp investigations; and the Forest Products Labora- 
tory (in cooperation with the University of Wiscon- 
sin), Madison, Wis., 1910-11, Mr. H. E. Surface, in charge 
of the section of pulp and paper. Some of the pulps 
in question were made at each of the laboratories 
mentioned. Their final collection and running into 
sheets, however, was made at the Forest Products 
Laboratory. 

PREPARATION OF THE PULPS. 

The various woods were received in the form of logs, 
which were barked and cut into chips. These chips 
were then cooked with live steam in 65-gallon digesters, 
using caustic soda solutions and calcium and magnesium 
bisulphite solutions as cooking liquors for the soda and 
sulphite "cooks," respectively. After any given wood 
was cooked into a pulp the digester containing it was 
" blown 5 ' and the pulp was washed with water in a 
blow pit. The washed pulp was then screened by 
means of a flat-plate diaphragm screen. The un- 
bleached pulps from which the natural color specimens 
were obtained were then passed through a diaphragm 
"machine screen" having 0.009-inch slots, and run out 
on a 16-inch Fourdrinier paper machine into continuous 



PAPER PULPS FROM FOREST WOODS. 9 

sheets 10 inches wide. The unbleached pulps from which 
the bleached specimens were obtained were treated with 
bleaching powder solutions in a 25-pound Emerson 
beating engine, after which they were screened and 
run out on the paper machine as with the natural color 
pulps. No additional fibers, fillers, or coloring mate- 
rials were added to any of the pulps, which represent 
only the natural fibers from the various woods. 

It may be noted that some of the pulps contain 
numerous dirt specks. These are not derived from the 
woods used, but are due to unavoidable defects in the 
small-size apparatus employed. In commercial work 
using the same woods and cooking treatments, these 
would be eliminated. For this reason they should 
not be considered as detrimental to the quality of the 
pulps. The color of the bleached pulps is also in some 
cases much poorer than would be the case if the water 
used in making up the bleached pulp sheets had been of 
better quality. This is another factor that could not be 
eliminated under the conditions existing at the time of 
making the runs. Another feature, which properly 
should be mentioned, is that the specimens were in 
general made up from a mixture of pulps from several 
different cooks of the same species of wood. This was 
necessary because the quantity of pulp from one cook 
was in several instances insufficient for making a speci- 
men in the amount required. Pulps from poorer cooks, 
therefore, had to be mixed with pulps from better 
ones, and this resulted in specimens which are not ade- 



10 



PAPER PULPS FROM FOREST WOODS. 



quately representative of the best pulps which could be 
obtained. 

RAW MATERIALS TESTED. 

Table 1 shows the raw materials used in the tests 
and the localities from which they were obtained. The 
shipment number, originally used as a mark of identifica- 
tion, is here used for reference to Tables 2 and 3, which 
contain the records of the experimental treatments. 

Table 1. — Species used in the experiments, and their sources. 



Common name. 


Botanical name. 


Ship- 
ment No. 


Where grown. 


Aspen 


Populus tremuloides, Michx. . 
Taxodium distichum, Rich. . 

Fagus atropunicea, Sudw 

Nyssa aquatiea, Linn 

do 


L-19 
S-3 
S-7 

S-2 

S-4 

S-498 

S-502 

S-39 

S-8 

S-36 

L-26B 

L-105 

S-33 

S-5 

L-2 

S-32 

S-469 
S-499 




Bald cypress 




Beech 


Pennsylvania. 

Louisiana. 

Alabama. 


Cotton gum 

Do 


Douglas fir 


Pseudotsuga taxifolia, Britt . . 
Picea engelmanni, Engelm . . . 
Abies grandis, Lindl 


Oregon. 


Engelmann spruce. . . 
Grand fir 


Colorado. 
VV ashington. 


Hemlock 

Incense cedar 

Jack pine 


Tsuga canadensis, Carr 

Libocedrus decurrens, Torr . . . 
Pinus divarieata, Du Mont de 

Cours. 
do 


Pennsylvania. 
California. 
\V isconsin. 


Do 


Do. 


Loblolly pine 


Pinus tseda, Linn 


South Carolina 


Do 


do 


Virginia. 
Louisiana. 


Do 


do 


Lodgepole pine 

Do 


Pinus contorta murrayana, 

Sudw. 
do 


Wyoming. 
Do. 


Do 


do 


Montana. 


Longleaf pine 


Pinus palustris, Mill 


L-3 MississiTmi. 


Red alder 


Alnus oregona, Nut 


S-524 
S-14 
S-11 
S-19 
S-20 
S-21 
S-18 
L-26E 
S-16 
S-38 
S-35 
S-37 


Oregon. 

Maryland. 

New Hampshire. 

Maryland. 


Red maple 


Acer rubrum, Linn 


Red spruce 


Picea rubens, Sarg 


Scrub pine 


Pinus virginiana, Mill 

do 


Do 


Do. 


Do 


do 


Virginia. 


Sycamore 


Platanus occidentalism Linn . . 
Larix laricina, Koch 


Maryland. 
vv isconsin. 


Tamarack 


Tulip tree 


Liriodendron tulipifera, Linn . 

Tsuga heterophylla, Sarg 

Abies concolor, Parry 


Maryland. 

Washington. 

California. 


Western hemlock 

V hite fir 


Do 


do 


Do. 









PAPER PULPS FROM FOREST WOODS. 11 

EXPERIMENTAL DATA. 

Tables 2 and 3 show the cooking conditions used in 
the preparation of the several pulps and the results 
that were obtained by determinations of yields and 
qualities. With a few unimportant exceptions the data 
for the several cooks are comparable with one another. 
In examining these data it should be kept in mind that 
commercial practice was followed so far as possible, but 
the experimental conditions did not permit this in all 
features of the tests. 

The various headings in the tables may be explained 
as follows: 

Chip charge, hone-dry weight. — The quantity of the 
wood with which the digester is charged for each cook 
is calculated to the bone-dry-weight basis by means of a 
moisture sample. 

Water in chips. — The amount of water in the wood 
at the time the digester is charged is expressed in 
percentage of water, based on the calculated bone-dry 
weight of the chips. 

Concentrations of cooking liquor at start of cook. — The 
concentrations of the various constituents of the cook- 
ing liquors are based on analyses of such liquors as 
charged into the digester. The sulphur dioxide (S0 2 ) 
concentrations can be reduced to the u sulphite-mill per 
cent basis" by dividing the number of grams per 
liter by 10. The "combined S0 2 ?; represents the 
amount of sulphur dioxide theoretically combined with 



12 PAPER PULPS FROM FOREST WOODS. 

the lime oxides in the cooking liquors to form the 
normal sulphites. The "free" or "available S0 2 " 
represents the amount of the sulphur dioxide in the 
cooking liquors which is not "combined S0 2 ." The 
magnesium oxide (MgO) and calcium oxide (CaO) 
values are calculated from analyses of the limes used 
and from the "combined S0 2 " values. The total so- 
dium oxide (Na 2 0) is calculated from the concentra- 
tions of caustic soda (NaOH) and sodium carbonate 
(Na 2 C0 3 ) each reduced to the Na 2 basis. 

Causticity of cooking liquors at start of cook. — The 
causticity represents the ratio, expressed as a percent- 
age, of the sodium oxide in the caustic soda, as such, to 
the total sodium oxide in the cooking liquors at the 
beginning of the cook. 

Quantity of cooking liquors per pound of chips. — The 
quantities of the various constituents are based on unit 
bone-dry weight of the chips charged and on the liquor 
charge at the beginning of the cook. The values for 
the "S" (sulphur) items multiplied by 2 will give per- 
centages of "S0 2 ." 

Duration of cooking. — The total period begins with 
the turning on of steam into the digester and ends with 
the "blowing" of the cook. The period at zero gauge 
pressure occurs at the beginning of the cook and ends 
when the needle of the digester gauge leaves the zero 
point. The period at maximum gauge pressure occurs 
during the final stages of the cooking, when the digester 
pressure is held constant at a given maximum value by 



PAPER PULPS FROM FOREST WOODS. 13 

means of a relief valve. If desired, the gauge pressures 
for the soda cooks may be converted directly to tempera- 
tures by means of pressure-temperature tables for satu- 
rated steam. The period below zero steam pressure is at 
the beginning of the cook, when the digester temperature 
is below 100° C. (212° F.). The period at maximum 
steam pressure (temperature) occurs during the final 
stages of cooking, when the temperature of the digester 
contents is held at a constant maximum. Temperatures 
have been converted into steam pressures by means of 
the pressure-temperature tables. 

Yields. — The proportion of yields, expressed as per- 
centages, are based on the bone-dry weights of the 
products indicated and the bone-dry weight of the 
chips. Screened pulp represents such pulp in the un- 
bleached state. Screenings represent the material re- 
moved by means of a diaphragm screen. 

Quality of pulps. — All percentages of quality are based 
on the bone-dry weight of the screened unbleached 
pulps tested. Cellulose was determined by the Cross 
and Bevan method. The percentage of bleach required 
represents the number of parts of bleaching powder (35 
per cent available chlorine) required to bleach 100 parts 
of the screened unbleached pulp to the commercial 
white color. 



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PAPER PULPS FROM FOREST WOODS. 



INDEX TO PULP SPECIMENS. 

Table 4 is an index to the specimens of bleached and 
unbleached soda and sulphite pulps which follow. 
The botanical names corresponding to the common 
names given here can be found in Table 1. By means 
of the shipment numbers and cook numbers reference 
may be made to Tables 2 and 3, which show the cook- 
ing conditions and other data for the pulps used in 
making the specimens. 

Table 4. — Index to pulp specimens. 



Speci- 
men 
No. 



1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 



14 
15 
16 
17 

IS 

19 
20 
21 
22 



Species. 



Broad-leaved woods 
or hardwoods. 



Aspen 

do 

Beech 

do 

Cotton gum . 

do 

do 

Red alder... 

do 

Red maple.. 
Sycamore . . . 
Tulip tree. . . 
do 



Conifers or softwoods. 

Bald cypress 

Douglas "fir 

do 

Engelmann spruce . . 

do 



....do... 

do... 

Grand fir. 
....do... 



Shipment 


Cook 


No. 


No. 


L-19 


2 


L-19 


4 


S-7 


7, 8 


S-7 


5, 6,8 


S-2 


1,4 


S-2 


2 


S-4 


3,4 


S-524 


10, 11 


S-524 


8,9 


S-14 


2,3 


S-18 


1,2 


S-16 


5, 6 


S-16 


4,5,6 


S-3 


1,2 


S-498 


1,2 


S-498 


6 


S-502 


1, 2, 4, 5 


/S-22,25,28 
\ S-502 


1,2,4 


3, 6, 12 


S-502 


5,7 


S-502 


5, 6,8 


S-39 


4,5 


S-39 


1,2,3 



Kind. 



Soda 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Sulphite. . 

...do 

Soda 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Sulphite. . 

...do 

Soda 

Sulphite. . 

}...do 

Soda 

...do 

Sulphite. . 
...do 



Condition. 



Natural color. 
Bleached. 
Natural color. 
Bleached. 
Natural color. 
Bleached. 
Natural color. 

Do. 
Bleached. 
Natural color. 

Do. 

Do. 
Bleached. 



Natural color. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Bleached. 

Natural color. 
Bleached. 
Natural color. 
Bleached. 



PAPER PULPS FROM FOREST WOODS. 29 

Table 4. — Index to pulp specimens — Continued. 



Species. 



Shipment 
No. 



Cook 

No. 



Kind. 



Condition. 



Conifers or softwoods — 
Continued. 



Grand fir 

do 

Hemlock 

Incense cedar. 

do 

do 

Jack pine 

do 

do 



Loblolly pine . 



do 

do 

do 

Lodgepole pine. 

do 

do 

do 



Longleaf pine . 

do 

Red spruce... 
do 



Scrub pine. 

do 

Tamarack. . 

do 

do 



....do 

Western hemlock. 

....do 

....do 



White fir. 

do... 

....do... 



S-39 

S-39 

S-8 

S-36 

S-36 

S-36 

L-26B 

L-105 

L-105 

S-5 

S-33 

S-5 

S-33 

L-2 

L-2 

S-499 

S-32 

S-499 

S-499 

S-469 

S-499 

L-3 

L-3 

S-ll 

S-310 

S-19, 21 

S-20 

S-19, 21 

S-20 

L-26E 

L-26E 

L-65-1 

L-26E 

L-26E 

S-38 

S-38 

S-38 

S-35 

S-35, 37 

S-35, 37 

S-35 



7,8 

5,6 

1,2 

1,2,3 

4,5 

4,5, 7 

7,8,9 

2 

1,2 

3 

1,2,3 

1,2 

4 

1 

1 

1,2,9 

2 

3,6,8 

4,5 

1 

4 

1 

1, 3 

4,5 

1-12 

2 

3 

1,3 

2 

14, 15 

13 

53 

18 

19 

5 

1-5 

8,9 

1,2 

4,5 

1,8 

4 



Soda 

....do 

....do 

Sulphite . . 

Soda 

....do 

Sulphite . . 

Soda 

....do 

>Sulphite . . 

}...do 

Soda 

....do 

Sulphite. . 

}...do 

Soda 

}...do 

...do 

...do 

Sulphite. . 
...do 

}...do 

}...do 

....do 

}...do 

Soda 

...do 

Sulphite . . 

...do 

Soda 

[Sulphite . . 

...do 

Soda 



Natural color. 
Bleached. 
Natural color. 

Do. 

Do. 
Bleached. 
Natural color. 

Do. 
Bleached. 

Natural color. 

Bleached. 

Natural color. 
Bleached. 
Natural color. 

Bleached. 

Natural color. 

Bleached. 

Natural color. 
Bleached. 
Natural color. 
Bleached. 

Natural color. 

Bleached. 

Natural color. 

Bleached. 

Natural color. 
Bleached. 
Natural color. 
Bleached. 
Natural color. 

Do. 

Bleached. 
Natural color. 



O 



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